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Columnist: Akasaki Masateru (Engineering advisor)
Episode 1 Where does water come from?
“Hubble” is the name of the space telescope that goes round the earth, and is the name of astronomer who found out that “Farther stars away from the earth are moving away from the earth at higher speed” through a large number of observation. There is a hypothesis that this kind of cosmic expansion is just like the surface of an expanding balloon, if it is a balloon, there should be a point before expanding, and from this point, the universe had the time and began its expand.
This hypothesis was raised by Gamow’s “Big bang theory”, and according to this theory, there should be a point with a high temperature from which the universe was born, and in a short time, hydrogen and helium were generated. According to the theory the portion of hydrogen and helium in the universe is almost equal, thus enhancing the credibility of this hypothesis.
According to the observation of cosmic background radiation of COBI or WMAP, the universe that was thought to be uniform has a certain instability at the beginning, and this ununiformity began to collect gas, and the central pressure merged hydrogen, and eventually it has the mass that can form helium, the huge energy generated here ignited, so there was bright fire in the universe again.
Nuclear fusion further produced low atoms such as carbon and oxygen, the fusion of higher atoms above ferrum produced negative energy, so nuclear fusion stops at ferrum atom as the largest atom. The lower energy supply decreased the internal pressure, and the stellar gravity began disintegrating. At this moment, stars with larger mass than the sun caused new super star explosion and the scraps dispersed into the universe. During the period from gravity disintegration to explosion, the atom was subject to extraordinary pressure, and nuclear fusion was going on rapidly, thus creating heavy atoms that are heavier than ferrum on the earth.
The earth was born from star scraps s after the first generation. Namely, water, elements and lives are created from star nuclear fusions. “So water transcended the star and space and came to the earth.”
Episode 2 The birth of the oceans
At the beginning, the earth was colliding and scattering with small planets, thus increasing the mass, meanwhile, the heat energy generated by collision melted the ground surface and formed magma sea, carbon dioxide and water vapour on small planets evaporated and formed the primitive atmosphere.It is supposed that because of this process, the primitive atmosphere of the earth was very similar with that of the present Venus (carbon dioxide 96%, nitrogen 3.5%, sulfur dioxide 0.015%). Because of greenhouse effect, the ground surface temperature of Venus reached 400℃ above, atmospheric pressure reaches 90 atm, but fortunately, the temperature of the earth was gradually falling, the water vapour in the atmosphere became liquid and fell on the ground, thus forming the original oceans.
Water dissolved carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and seeped through the ground, the dissolved carbon dioxide reacted with alkaline ingredients in the crust and the generated materials were fixed. In this process, nitrogen was gradually becoming the main ingredient of the atmosphere, and 3,200,000,000 yeas ago that photosynthetic bacteria--cyanobacteria that could produce oxygen appeared, thus forming the base of the present atmosphere. And this is the recognition of the birth of the earth, oceans and atmospheres.
In this process, the most important phenomenon is that the water vapour in the atmosphere of the earth might become liquid, and this is different from Venus. But it is a pity that we still don’t know why the atmosphere temperature of the earth fell.
So it is imagined that there was not dense atmosphere similar to that of the Venus now in the early period after the earth was just born,
And there is also no atmosphere on small planets “ITOKAWA” and the moon with much larger mass that the planet “ITOKAWA” where “HAYABUSA” reached.
Even though the Mars has larger mass than the moon, its atmosphere pressure is only 0.075 atm. The star atmospheric concentration is basically in proportion to the star mass.
The upper level gas will take the sunlight to get the speed that can get rid of the gravity of the star. Gas with less molecular weight or atomic weight can get higher speed. For example, only the Saturn and the Jupiter are
So it is imagined that there was not dense atmosphere similar to that of the Venus now in the early period after the earth was just born,
And there is also no atmosphere on small planets “ITOKAWA” and the moon with much larger mass that the planet “ITOKAWA” where “HAYABUSA” reached.
Even though the Mars has larger mass than the moon, its atmosphere pressure is only 0.075 atm. The star atmospheric concentration is basically in proportion to the star mass.
The upper level gas will take the sunlight to get the speed that can get rid of the gravity of the star. Gas with less molecular weight or atomic weight can get higher speed. For example, only the Saturn and the Jupiter are
降，大气中的蒸气变成液体，落到地面上，在地面上形成了最早的海洋水将大气中的二氧化碳溶解后，渗透到地球内部，溶解后的二氧化碳与地壳中的碱性成分起反应，并被不断地固定下来。在此过程中，逐渐过渡为以氮为主体的大气，而且，在32亿年前出现了可制造出氧的光合细菌——蓝细菌，由此形成了现在大气的基础。以上这些就是目前所了解到的地球、海洋以及大气的出现经过。
在此过程中，最重要的事情就是地球与金星不同，地球大气中的水蒸气可变成液态的水。但是，遗憾的是，地球大气温度下降的原因至今还没了解清楚。
Episode 3 There are no oceans on the moon?
Everyone will wonder “There is plenty of water on the earth but no water nor atmosphere on the moon”. There is topography called “silent sea”, that is because that these places on the moon are flat and look black, but it has been confirmed that the moon has no atmosphere, no water. But it is discovered that there is water on the back of the moon where there is no sunshine. The escape velocity of the earth is 11.2km/s，the mass of the moon is much less than the earth and is only 1/80 of the earth, so the escape velocity of the moon is only 2.4km/s. Namely, if the object on the moon moves at a speed over 2.4km/s, it will be impossible for the object to stay on the moon.
Recently in a newspaper article called “Solar wind boat”, it is said that sunlight can move universe boats just like the wind blowing over the oceans. Sunlight even has the power to move a heavy boat. It can be confirmed in the observation of comet tail that sunlight has the power. The comet tail always flows on the opposite side of the sun. This is the phenomenon that water vapour and particles generated in the heat of the sun fly to the opposite because of the sunlight.
When you throw a stone, you can see that if you throw with the same strength, the smaller stone will fly farther than the one that is too large to be hold in your hand. The weight of a H2O molecule is 3×10^-23g, and if sunlight can move boats in the universe, when the H2O molecule is collided by sunlight, it will have the speed to escape from the star. Atmosphere will disappear after a long time after being given this speed, so it is impossible for the moon to have oceans, even atmosphere.
Just see the graph of “The sunlight wavelength and energy”, you will find that all the sunlight with wavelength about 200nm can be used. Considering cosmic rays and intense solar activity, take wavelength of 125nm as upper limit, and summarize the largest velocity that gas can have in a form (suppose that all of the energy from wavelength can be changed into kinetic energy). Even carbon dioxide with large molecular weight on the moon can reach a speed of 3km/s after being hit by 624nm sunlight, thus exceeding the escape velocity of the moon. So of course it is impossible for the moon to have oceans, even atmosphere. The mass of the Mars is 8.7 times of that of the moon, and its escape velocity is 5.0km/s, but it is still hard for the Mars to keep atmosphere, according to the calculation, stars with the mass which is 4 times of the Mars are able to form atmosphere that can keep water vapour. By the way, the mass of the earth is 9.3 times of that of the Mars.
When you throw a stone, you can see that if you throw with the same strength, the smaller stone will fly farther than the one that is too large to be hold in your hand. The weight of a H2O molecule is 3×10^-23g, and if sunlight can move boats in the universe, when the H2O molecule is collided by sunlight, it will have the speed to escape from the star. Atmosphere will disappear after a long time after being given this speed, so it is impossible for the moon to have oceans, even atmosphere.
Just see the graph of “The sunlight wavelength and energy”, you will find that all the sunlight with wavelength about 200nm can be used. Considering cosmic rays and intense solar activity, take wavelength of 125nm as upper limit, and summarize the largest velocity that gas can have in a form (suppose that all of the energy from wavelength can be changed into kinetic energy). Even carbon dioxide with large molecular weight on the moon can reach a speed of 3km/s after being hit by 624nm sunlight, thus exceeding the escape velocity of the moon. So of course it is impossible for the moon to have oceans, even atmosphere. The mass of the Mars is 8.7 times of that of the moon, and its escape velocity is 5.0km/s, but it is still hard for the Mars to keep atmosphere, according to the calculation, stars with the mass which is 4 times of the Mars are able to form atmosphere that can keep water vapour. By the way, the mass of the earth is 9.3 times of that of the Mars.
Episode 4 Why does rain fall?
Imagine that there is no membrane resistance, for example, imagine a bubble. If there is no membrane resistance, the internal pressure of the bubble will keep balance with atmospheric pressure regardless of the surrounding environment change. In 0℃, enclose 1m3 air in a bubble without moisture, and then add 52.6g water. Part of the water will melt into air till the water energy is equal to the vapour energy.
The merging water quality changes according to the temperature, the quantity of water remained and water that melted into air in different temperatures is shown in the picture.
Originally, the volume will increase with the water melting into air and the temperature going up, but here we ignore the volume change.
When the temperature is 40℃, 52.6g water can almost completely melt into air, when the temperature is 20℃, 17.3g water can melt into air, when the temperature is 0℃, 4.9g water can melt into air,
This time, let’s consider the condition that the temperature of saturated air drops from 20℃ to 0℃ and the temperature of saturated air drops from 40℃ to 20℃
In this condition, the differential 12.4g/m3 and 35.3g/m3 part will fall as rain. Suppose that the atmospheric layer has a volume of 1km×10km×5km, then the rainfall amounts will be 620000 ton and 1765000 ton, according to the frontal area where cold air and warm air overlap, rainfall amounts over 100mm per hour will not be incomprehensible. When the atmosphere with higher temperature is cooled (when cold air collides with warm air, or in the fontal area, or in high altitudes with thunderclouds), if there is vapour with higher temperature, rain will fall.
The principle of washing becoming dry is just opposite from rain’s falling, water on the washing will evaporate to reach a saturated air humidity. The higher the
When the temperature is 40℃, 52.6g water can almost completely melt into air, when the temperature is 20℃, 17.3g water can melt into air, when the temperature is 0℃, 4.9g water can melt into air,
This time, let’s consider the condition that the temperature of saturated air drops from 20℃ to 0℃ and the temperature of saturated air drops from 40℃ to 20℃
In this condition, the differential 12.4g/m3 and 35.3g/m3 part will fall as rain. Suppose that the atmospheric layer has a volume of 1km×10km×5km, then the rainfall amounts will be 620000 ton and 1765000 ton, according to the frontal area where cold air and warm air overlap, rainfall amounts over 100mm per hour will not be incomprehensible. When the atmosphere with higher temperature is cooled (when cold air collides with warm air, or in the fontal area, or in high altitudes with thunderclouds), if there is vapour with higher temperature, rain will fall.
The principle of washing becoming dry is just opposite from rain’s falling, water on the washing will evaporate to reach a saturated air humidity. The higher the
temperature is, the more the moisture is in the air, so the higher the temperature and dryness is, the faster the washing dries. In an automatic washing machine, washings can dry in a short time by putting into air that enhances the temperature and dryness. But even in the midsummer, if there is a shower, the washing will still dry very slowly, so we fell that drying speed depends on the air dryness more than the temperature.
The principle of cooling circulating cooling water is that water moves out from (evaporates from) circulating water. When the water is evaporating, 1kg water will need 540kcal evaporation heat, and this heat is supplied from circulating water, the temperature of circulating water goes down according to the evaporation degree. There are wet and dry bulb temperature difference stipulations in the design standards of open type cooling, the same as washing dryness, the cooling efficiency depends on the air dryness.
Episode 5 What can rain dissolve?
When the rain falls on the ground and touch underground rocks, it will dissolve the rock ingredient，and part of the solutions flowed into salt lakes, but most of the solutions flowed into the oceans.
The part dissolved by the rain can be known according to the amount of mineral that forms earth's crust. The concentration of existing ingredients in the earth’s crust is shown in the form on the right. The upper 4 ingredients take up 88.3% of all, and the earth’s crust has representative ingredients of rocks. There is a saying called “Dripping water wears through a stone”, so you can imagine that the kinetic energy of falling water can wear through a stone, the main ingredient of rocks silica (SiO2) has the solubility of 120mg/L when the temperature is 25℃, so all kinds of rocks that form the earth’s crust have water-solubility. Here, we divide the ingredients in the earth’s crust into 2 kinds, ingredients with strong alkali (such as Na,K,Ca.Mg) and ingredients with strong acidity (such as Cl,F,P,S,N,C[weak acids]), and studying their existence proportion, we can conclude that there are much alkaline ingredients in rocks according to the conversion ratio of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
So let’s think that “The earth was formed by planetary collision, and magma sea created by collision energy generated carbon dioxide and water vapour.”
If the carbon dioxide of small planets is generated by carbonate such as calcium carbonate, then the residuals after the carbon dioxide left will have alkaline character. It is still a unanswered question that whether or not this property is still existing, but according to the ingredients of the earth’s crust, the rainwater that dissolved minerals should be alkaline. But the pH value of river water is generally neutral, if we judge only according to pH value, we will not feel this is happening around us. This is because that alkali generated by rainwater absorbs and neutralizes the existing carbon dioxide, and forms bicarbonate. This ingredient is called acid consumption pH4.8 in water treatment field, if this concentration is recorded in number, we can conclude that the water is basically alkaline.
The average concentration of ingredients in the river water is shown in the form.
Bicarbonate ions exist in river water in many places in the world including Japan, and the river water become alkaline. Although there are some rivers and lakes with strong acidity and strong alkalinity in some places, they are only caused by volcanic activity and hot springs but not because of the rainwater. Rainwater dissolves rocks, and alkali eluted from rocks absorbs carbon dioxide, and flowed into salt lakes and oceans. Rainwater also dissolves positive ions such as calcium ions and let them flow into the oceans. In fact, carbon dioxide is fixed in salt lakes and seas.
About the fixation, we can think the process mentioned at the beginning again, if we think that the carbonate which sank to the seabed returns to the mantle where they were thermally separated, and returns to the ground again as carbon dioxide, and if this circulation is repeated, huge amount of alkaline ingredients will of course exist in the earth’s crust, and it will be unnecessary to trace back to the primitive earth.
The part dissolved by the rain can be known according to the amount of mineral that forms earth's crust. The concentration of existing ingredients in the earth’s crust is shown in the form on the right. The upper 4 ingredients take up 88.3% of all, and the earth’s crust has representative ingredients of rocks. There is a saying called “Dripping water wears through a stone”, so you can imagine that the kinetic energy of falling water can wear through a stone, the main ingredient of rocks silica (SiO2) has the solubility of 120mg/L when the temperature is 25℃, so all kinds of rocks that form the earth’s crust have water-solubility. Here, we divide the ingredients in the earth’s crust into 2 kinds, ingredients with strong alkali (such as Na,K,Ca.Mg) and ingredients with strong acidity (such as Cl,F,P,S,N,C[weak acids]), and studying their existence proportion, we can conclude that there are much alkaline ingredients in rocks according to the conversion ratio of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
So let’s think that “The earth was formed by planetary collision, and magma sea created by collision energy generated carbon dioxide and water vapour.”
If the carbon dioxide of small planets is generated by carbonate such as calcium carbonate, then the residuals after the carbon dioxide left will have alkaline character. It is still a unanswered question that whether or not this property is still existing, but according to the ingredients of the earth’s crust, the rainwater that dissolved minerals should be alkaline. But the pH value of river water is generally neutral, if we judge only according to pH value, we will not feel this is happening around us. This is because that alkali generated by rainwater absorbs and neutralizes the existing carbon dioxide, and forms bicarbonate. This ingredient is called acid consumption pH4.8 in water treatment field, if this concentration is recorded in number, we can conclude that the water is basically alkaline.
The average concentration of ingredients in the river water is shown in the form.
Bicarbonate ions exist in river water in many places in the world including Japan, and the river water become alkaline. Although there are some rivers and lakes with strong acidity and strong alkalinity in some places, they are only caused by volcanic activity and hot springs but not because of the rainwater. Rainwater dissolves rocks, and alkali eluted from rocks absorbs carbon dioxide, and flowed into salt lakes and oceans. Rainwater also dissolves positive ions such as calcium ions and let them flow into the oceans. In fact, carbon dioxide is fixed in salt lakes and seas.
About the fixation, we can think the process mentioned at the beginning again, if we think that the carbonate which sank to the seabed returns to the mantle where they were thermally separated, and returns to the ground again as carbon dioxide, and if this circulation is repeated, huge amount of alkaline ingredients will of course exist in the earth’s crust, and it will be unnecessary to trace back to the primitive earth.
Episode 6 Fixation of carbon dioxide in the oceans
We have already studied the fixation process of sending carbon dioxide to the seabed and stabilizing it. The sea basically has the ability to fix carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide that dissolves in water is in proportion to the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, when the temperature is 25℃, 0.0014mg/L carbon dioxide can dissolve in water per 1ppm carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere(if it is seawater, this value could be a little lower). If the carbon dioxide concentration in the present atmosphere exceeds 350ppm, in this concentration, 0.5mg carbon dioxide can dissolve in water. 1m3 water can only dissolve half of 1 yen coin carbon dioxide, but according to this solubility, seawater can dissolve huge amount of carbon dioxide up to 6.85×1011ton. But if this amount of carbon dioxide has been dissolved, we can say that the sea has already got full fixation ability of dissolving carbon dioxide. If the excellent carbon dioxide fixation ability of the sea can keep the pH value of the seawater at present 8.3, roughly speaking, the product 55560 of dissolved calcium ions (Ca2+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) limits the solubility of the two.
The product of dissolution concentration=400mgCa/L×139mgHCO3 /L=55600=a certain value. This equation means that the higher the calcium ion concentration is, the lower the bicarbonate ion concentration will be, namely if the bicarbonate ion concentration become high, the calcium ion concentration will become low.
When the pH value is 8.3, if the product of the two exceeds this value, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will be created and sink to the seabed. According to world average concentration of river water, bicarbonate ion concentration is 52.0mg/L, calcium ion concentration is 13.4mg/L, but in seawater, they become 139mg/L and 400mg/L. The fact is that the product of the two cannot exceed the limit 55600. This is completely the same as the reaction of forming calcium carbonate scale by cooling water concentration. It can be thought that if the pH value goes down (acidification phenomenon), the concentration product value will become larger, and the bicarbonate ion concentration will be larger, carbon dioxide that can be dissolved will also increase and it will go to a good direction. But opposite to this think, if pH value goes down, fixed roe stones and corals will be dissolved and more carbon dioxide will be released to the environment. See the form on the right,, if the pH value of the water goes up, the portion of carbonic acid ion (CO32-) will increase, and the precipitation reaction of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Ca2++CO32-⇔CaCO3 will be promoted. If the pH value goes down, calcium carbonate precipitation will be restrained, if pH value continues going down, much more of the ingredients will be dissolved. A representative example of independent precipitation of calcium carbonate is that roe stones formation was found in Bahamas, which secondly helped forming coral reeves and shellfish husks. So the sea has the ability to fix carbon dioxide as calcium carbonate.
The product of dissolution concentration=400mgCa/L×139mgHCO3 /L=55600=a certain value. This equation means that the higher the calcium ion concentration is, the lower the bicarbonate ion concentration will be, namely if the bicarbonate ion concentration become high, the calcium ion concentration will become low.
When the pH value is 8.3, if the product of the two exceeds this value, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) will be created and sink to the seabed. According to world average concentration of river water, bicarbonate ion concentration is 52.0mg/L, calcium ion concentration is 13.4mg/L, but in seawater, they become 139mg/L and 400mg/L. The fact is that the product of the two cannot exceed the limit 55600. This is completely the same as the reaction of forming calcium carbonate scale by cooling water concentration. It can be thought that if the pH value goes down (acidification phenomenon), the concentration product value will become larger, and the bicarbonate ion concentration will be larger, carbon dioxide that can be dissolved will also increase and it will go to a good direction. But opposite to this think, if pH value goes down, fixed roe stones and corals will be dissolved and more carbon dioxide will be released to the environment. See the form on the right,, if the pH value of the water goes up, the portion of carbonic acid ion (CO32-) will increase, and the precipitation reaction of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Ca2++CO32-⇔CaCO3 will be promoted. If the pH value goes down, calcium carbonate precipitation will be restrained, if pH value continues going down, much more of the ingredients will be dissolved. A representative example of independent precipitation of calcium carbonate is that roe stones formation was found in Bahamas, which secondly helped forming coral reeves and shellfish husks. So the sea has the ability to fix carbon dioxide as calcium carbonate.
Episode 7 Why does seawater taste salty
The rain keeps falling and dissolving minerals, and takes part of the minerals into the oceans. As the sea has a certain volume, the seawater which equals to the amount of rainfall will evaporate, so the ingredient in the sea is gradually concentrated, now the concentration of salt is already nearly 3%, so the seawater tastes salty because it contains 3% salt. This saltiness is getting stronger and stronger as time goes by, and salt in the mantle can also make the salt of the seawater be saturated.Due to it is so boring in this way, we made an interesting calculation according to the composition and concentration of river water and sea water. What shown in the table is average composition and concentration of sea water and river water in the world. Assume except for river water, there is no other composition into river, we can say that the composition of sea water has been concentrated into the composition of river water in 4.6 billion years. For this reason, assume all annual rainfall on land as river water return to the sea, people worked out the needed year to reach now concentration. However, because silica (SiO2) has lower solubility, and calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (SO4), bicarbonate (HCO3) ionic components in mutual concentration correlation function, they will generate low solubility compounds and precipitation down. Use these compositions to calculate the needed year is meaningless.
Episode 8 Ocean fixed carbon dioxide
The first astronaut in the world Gagarin once said that the earth is blue. So people personally feel and realize that the earth is a water planet. In addition, another reason for people have such a feeling is people can not see the beautiful image of the earth observed from the surface of the moon and taken by Apollo program. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water, although the average depth of ocean is 3,800m, sea water only accounts for 0.02% of the earth weight (from element number proportion in universe, when all oxygen and hydrogen react into water, water will account for about 0.93% of total quality. However, due to water will be consumed by all kinds of reactions with other compositions, 0.02% may be a universal value). Available freshwater is very little, only accounts for about 3% of total water. Most of them are the North Pole and the South Pole icebergs. Therefore, available freshwater become very little. According to the world’s population is 6.5 billion, freshwater of a man is 1,740,000m3, it is a huge number. However, according to the rain, then the world a day on average only
Report from land traffic saving water resource ministry said that Japanese annual rainfall is 640 billion m3, of which 230 billion are evaporated, 83.1 billion m3 are provided for industry, agriculture and life use. 6400-2300=410 billion m3 are called water resource storage capacity. According to this water to calculate, available water for each citizen are lower, which is only 9.3m3/day. Although water resource storage capacity is equal to annual water consumption of about 5 years, this value is just a hypothetical storage capacity. Due to the north and south of Japan is long and narrow, river water can quickly into the sea, water storage capacity of this river is poor, which caused low available water in practical. When we saw news report although sunshine time is short, also set a limit on water, we will personally feel that Japanese water storage capacity is weak. If we have 20 Zhihu Lake then we will have 5-year available water, if we have 4, then we will have 1-year. In order to solve water resources shortage problem in recent years, except for improve water storage capacity, we can also expand the area of reservoir, large tank and farmland farming. However, we can feel that modern society is on the opposite.
Episode 9 Whether water is one drop by one drop or not
I do not know whether you had such a feeling when you were young, “Although we can not see, whether water is formed by small particles one by one?” Exactly, this is what I want to say. Water is formed by very small particles. Water consists of two atoms of hydrogen (H) and an oxygen atom. Molecular formula is H2O. In addition, due to there are astronomical number water molecules in 18g water, that is 6*1023=600000000000000000000000, therefore, the weight of each molecule is 3*10-23 (0.00000000000000000000003)g. We can say that water is formed by very small particles. We assume molecule is a ball, which packed together tightly, then the diameter of this ball is 3.4*10-8 (0.000000034=3.4A) cm. This kind of size is similar to right picture which describes the structure of water. Although it is not in this structure, but in practical, the electron of hydrogen and oxygen attracted to each other, which makes electron tends to oxygen side, therefore, hydrogen atoms positively charged and oxygen atoms negatively charged. Besides, the position of two hydrogen atoms and the position of oxygen atom are not on the contrary, which is a 104.5 degree angle bonding. Both positively charged and negatively charged, bonding angle is different from other
This kind of density is similar to the density of neutron star 370,000,000t/cm3 (Wikipedia) after supernova explosion. It seems that no big difference on value. In gently blowing wind on the ground, observe in the micro world, it is incredible that so big density exists.
Be that as it may, when we come back to reality to study hydrogen, 2g hydrogen under 0 ℃and 1 atmosphere have 22.4L volume, which density is 0.000089g/cm3. Even if compared with water, the composition of hydrogen is much smaller than water on density. When glass ball dropped into water, it will sink slowly at the beginning, and then speed will be accelerated gradually, at last it will sink continuously with a certain speed. When we know the diameter and density of glass ball, we can use Stokes Formula to find out the final speed. In the field of diameter=2*10-13cm, density=399,673,567t/cm3, whether can use this formula or not, it is still not clear. When we use this formula, we can get about 1.5mm sedimentation distance every year. Although the density is so big more than natural, its weight is very light. When we enter into the micro world inside, we will think that it is really amazing.
Episode 10 The bonding form of composition
compounds, which makes water have a strange property. Here, we play a simple game. The hydrogen atom is the lightest element consists of a proton and an electron. Due to the weight of proton is known, so as long as we know the size, then we can calculate its density. The diameter if proton is about 2*10-13cm, when calculate density according to diameter and proton weight 1.67*10-24g, we can get the following values. Its density is 399,673,567t/cm3, which is beyond imagination.
This kind of density is similar to the density of neutron star 370,000,000t/cm3 (Wikipedia) after supernova explosion. It seems that no big difference on value. In gently blowing wind on the ground, observe in the micro world, it is incredible that so big density exists.
Be that as it may, when we come back to reality to study hydrogen, 2g hydrogen under 0 ℃and 1 atmosphere have 22.4L volume, which density is 0.000089g/cm3. Even if compared with water, the composition of hydrogen is much smaller than water on density. When glass ball dropped into water, it will sink slowly at the beginning, and then speed will be accelerated gradually, at last it will sink continuously with a certain speed. When we know the diameter and density of glass ball, we can use Stokes Formula to find out the final speed. In the field of diameter=2*10-13cm, density=399,673,567t/cm3, whether can use this formula or not, it is still not clear. When we use this formula, we can get about 1.5mm sedimentation distance every year. Although the density is so big more than natural, its weight is very light. When we enter into the micro world inside, we will think that it is really amazing.
This kind of density is similar to the density of neutron star 370,000,000t/cm3 (Wikipedia) after supernova explosion. It seems that no big difference on value. In gently blowing wind on the ground, observe in the micro world, it is incredible that so big density exists.
Be that as it may, when we come back to reality to study hydrogen, 2g hydrogen under 0 ℃and 1 atmosphere have 22.4L volume, which density is 0.000089g/cm3. Even if compared with water, the composition of hydrogen is much smaller than water on density. When glass ball dropped into water, it will sink slowly at the beginning, and then speed will be accelerated gradually, at last it will sink continuously with a certain speed. When we know the diameter and density of glass ball, we can use Stokes Formula to find out the final speed. In the field of diameter=2*10-13cm, density=399,673,567t/cm3, whether can use this formula or not, it is still not clear. When we use this formula, we can get about 1.5mm sedimentation distance every year. Although the density is so big more than natural, its weight is very light. When we enter into the micro world inside, we will think that it is really amazing.
Episode 11 Chemical principle of water
In the chemical, the higher composition molecular quantity, the higher boiling point and condensation point. It is a kind of common sense. Therefore, we list a form, on which a familiar composition close to water on molecular quantity has differences from water on melting point, boiling point and evaporation heat. From this table we can see that although the molecular of water is small, all numbers are big and prior to other substances.
This kind of specificity can be explained from the structure of water. Here lists the structure picture of water and the polarization picture of water. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen by covalent bond form, chemical structural formula is H-O-H. Due to it is covalent bond, hydrogen positively charged and oxygen negatively charged. This will give people an inharmonious feeling. Between bonding elements, electro negativity (namely force attracts electron to come) will work. If it is water, between oxygen and hydrogen in water molecule, both parties launch a tug of war around electron. This tug of war is favorable for oxygen on function, therefore, electron prefer to oxygen side. As a result, formed dipole (Both parties separate a shorter distance to make both ends have +q and -q charge. Electricity negative degrees lead to electric dipole above the figure—source text) hydrogen positively charged and oxygen negatively charged.
If the position of two hydrogen atoms just is the opposite position of oxygen atom, then it only will conform dipole, however, due to the bonding angle of H-O-H is 104.5 degrees, then own dipole moment. The specificity of water is derived from this kind of powerful dipole moment. As molecular cluster picture shows, powerful dipole moment allows hydrogen of other molecules to combine with oxygen of one water molecule in electronic way (called hydrogen bonding), but also connected each other constantly, and formed molecule group (molecular cluster). After forming molecule cluster, on the surface molecular quantity will increase, it can explain why this kind of specificity formed. Water has a good nature of solvent. One of the reasons is water has polarity, and salt (sodium chloride) this kind of composition formed by ionic bond basically has affinity. In addition, water can also fully dissolve sugar, alcohol and other organic materials. The reason is intercommunity from covalent bond between water and organic materials after hydrogen bond further increase the affinity. Composition which is the easiest to be dissolved also need even a little bit of dipole moment. For example, the methane of dipole moment and the dissolution of carbon dioxide is very small, which does not exist.
This kind of specificity can be explained from the structure of water. Here lists the structure picture of water and the polarization picture of water. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen by covalent bond form, chemical structural formula is H-O-H. Due to it is covalent bond, hydrogen positively charged and oxygen negatively charged. This will give people an inharmonious feeling. Between bonding elements, electro negativity (namely force attracts electron to come) will work. If it is water, between oxygen and hydrogen in water molecule, both parties launch a tug of war around electron. This tug of war is favorable for oxygen on function, therefore, electron prefer to oxygen side. As a result, formed dipole (Both parties separate a shorter distance to make both ends have +q and -q charge. Electricity negative degrees lead to electric dipole above the figure—source text) hydrogen positively charged and oxygen negatively charged.
If the position of two hydrogen atoms just is the opposite position of oxygen atom, then it only will conform dipole, however, due to the bonding angle of H-O-H is 104.5 degrees, then own dipole moment. The specificity of water is derived from this kind of powerful dipole moment. As molecular cluster picture shows, powerful dipole moment allows hydrogen of other molecules to combine with oxygen of one water molecule in electronic way (called hydrogen bonding), but also connected each other constantly, and formed molecule group (molecular cluster). After forming molecule cluster, on the surface molecular quantity will increase, it can explain why this kind of specificity formed. Water has a good nature of solvent. One of the reasons is water has polarity, and salt (sodium chloride) this kind of composition formed by ionic bond basically has affinity. In addition, water can also fully dissolve sugar, alcohol and other organic materials. The reason is intercommunity from covalent bond between water and organic materials after hydrogen bond further increase the affinity. Composition which is the easiest to be dissolved also need even a little bit of dipole moment. For example, the methane of dipole moment and the dissolution of carbon dioxide is very small, which does not exist.
Episode 12 The function of water
Due to water is generated by the oxygen burning of hydrogen, it is in the earth atmosphere of acidic environment, thermal property is extremely stable. This is supposed to be a great characteristic of water. According to the H-O bonding of water (H-O-H) can with the theory of water from Boltzmann constant decomposition temperature reach 50,000℃. Fortunately, so far the highest temperature observed on the earth is 58.8℃, which happened in Iraq (Basra) in 1921. In the temperature environment of theearth, it is impossible to reach temperature can split water off. It is water has this kind of stability that produce stable environment of the earth.
The great heat capacity and huge evaporation heat of water and the ocean accounts for 70% of the area of the earth plays a very important role on the heat adjustment of the earth. If considering heat and heat release by evaporation and condensation, then heat exchange is the same on quantity. For example, sprinkle in midsummer season, even if the heat from the sun keeps the same, some of the heat will also be evaporated, heat mobiles and transfers with steam, which can curb environmental temperature. Purportedly, clouds in the sky which covered water changed, which can reflect sunlight back to the universe directly, which reduced the temperature of the earth.
Low vapor pressure is great helpful to living beings which breathe oxygen. Water and
The great heat capacity and huge evaporation heat of water and the ocean accounts for 70% of the area of the earth plays a very important role on the heat adjustment of the earth. If considering heat and heat release by evaporation and condensation, then heat exchange is the same on quantity. For example, sprinkle in midsummer season, even if the heat from the sun keeps the same, some of the heat will also be evaporated, heat mobiles and transfers with steam, which can curb environmental temperature. Purportedly, clouds in the sky which covered water changed, which can reflect sunlight back to the universe directly, which reduced the temperature of the earth.
Low vapor pressure is great helpful to living beings which breathe oxygen. Water and
Speak to the advantages of high boiling point, we can only think of we can cook in the plain area without pressure cooker. However, it is water has this kind of nature that we can eat warm and handmade delicious meals, which avoids underdone meals daily placed on the table. This kind of nature of water brings great benefits to our daily life.
High melting point seems to bring a lot of problems. The recorded the lowest temperature on the earth is -89.2℃ (Antarctica, the east stand), which is higher than the melting point of methanol -97℃. If the melting point of water is also this temperature, then glacier on the North Pole, the South Pole and the Greenland will melt and disappear, which will lead to the sea level rises dramatically, bring great influence on the land, which is self-evident. Look at the globe and you will know soon that if there is no glacier on the North Pole, then everybody can image the prosperity of the North Pole channel. If the North Pole channel will bring more prosperity scenes to each country, international political situation may be very different from today. Anyway, the living beings on the earth has been various influenced by water so much for a long time, and evolved according to the proper state of water up to now. Due to water gives birth to life, in the function of water, the influence on life is the most important.
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